Controlling Inflammation after Cataract Surgery

Drops, dropless, steroids? What’s the preferred way to control inflammation after cataract surgery? An expert panel at ASCRS 2024 in Boston tackled this question.

Ehud I Assia MD said a ‘less drops’ approach works better for him. Although he uses intracameral moxifloxacin for infection prophylaxis, Dr Assia prescribes a 1-month course of topical medications for infection control that consists of two medications—a steroid and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)—each given three times daily.

Providing the rationale for his approach, Dr Assia noted that unless formulated for sustained release, medications administered intracamerally provide only short-term efficacy. While the limited duration of coverage is adequate for preventing endophthalmitis, it is not sufficient to control inflammation.

Short-term efficacy, risk for complications, and/or irreversibility decrease the acceptability of other injectable routes for delivering anti-inflammatory drugs, i.e., subconjunctival injection and approaches for posterior chamber placement. The intracanalicular dexamethasone insert offers reversibility, but available data show it is not more effective than topical steroids, Dr Assia said.

“The ‘less drops’ regimen is effective, reversible, adjustable, and inexpensive,” he asserted.

Support for subconjunctival steroids

Advocating for subconjunctival steroid injection, Neal H Shorstein MD reviewed findings from a recently published study reporting on the effectiveness of subconjunctival triamcinolone acetonide (TA) as a standalone treatment for preventing inflammation after cataract surgery.¹ Dr Shorstein noted he and two colleagues at Kaiser Permanente Northern California began an injection-only protocol in 2008 for their cataract surgery medication regimen using an intracameral antibiotic and subconjunctival TA.

“We preferred the subconjunctival route versus a sub-Tenon’s injection for the steroid because, using the subconjunctival approach, we could visualize the needle tip during delivery and the depot postoperatively, allowing us to avoid globe perforation and to excise the depot postoperatively if necessary,” he said.

The steroid regimen was modified over time, transitioning from a 2 mg dose (using TA 40 mg/mL) to 4 mg (using TA 10 mg/mL). Dr Shorstein explained the smaller dose of the higher concentration drug was associated with a significant IOP rise in a very small percentage of patients and was found to be less effective than topical prednisolone plus an NSAID. The higher dose using a lower concentration of TA was more effective and caused fewer IOP spikes.

The recent study included data from almost 70,000 eyes operated on between 2018 and 2021. They were assessed for development of macular oedema, rebound iritis, and glaucoma-related events occurring from 15 days to 1 year postoperatively. Eyes receiving subconjunctival TA were divided into subgroups by TA dose and concentration. Using multivariate analysis, their outcomes were compared to a reference group receiving topical anti-inflammatory treatment.

Reviewing the results and weighing the benefits and risks, Dr Shorstein and colleagues concluded TA 4 mg (10 mg/mL) was the favoured regimen for preventing inflammation in routine cases. However, they suggested TA 4 mg (40 mg/mL) may be applicable for patients with pre-existing iritis because it further lowered the risks of macular oedema and iritis. However, close follow-up is important because TA 4 mg (40 mg/mL) was associated with higher odds of IOP elevation.

Also considering the risk for increased IOP, Dr Shorstein noted the need to exercise caution using subconjunctival TA in patients with an optic nerve at risk or elevated risk for a steroid response. With safety in mind, he also recommended using the studied product (Kenalog) because different triamcinolone products have different pharmacokinetics, monitoring IOP until the depot is no longer visible and injecting the medication inferiorly versus superiorly.

Sustained release steroid

Seth M Pantanelli MD explained why he uses the intracanalicular dexamethasone insert as his choice for a steroid after cataract surgery.

“The insert has been shown to be safe and effective for controlling pain and inflammation. Insertion is easy and fast—it can be done in less than 15 seconds, and patient perspectives about the insert are overwhelmingly positive,” Dr Pantanelli said.

“Although the insert adds cost for the medical system, the ambulatory surgery centre (ASC), the surgeon, and the patient, it can actually be cost-neutral or even revenue-positive, depending on the comparator.”

Dr Pantanelli reviewed data from premarket approval studies demonstrating the intracanalicular insert was more effective than placebo for controlling inflammation and pain. But he also emphasized results from a retrospective chart review showing it was as effective as topical steroid drops, which is the more relevant comparator.² Furthermore, results from two studies in which patients underwent surgery with the insert in one eye and topical drops in the fellow eye showed the vast majority of participants (≥92%) preferred the insert. In one study, 84% of patients indicated a willingness to pay more for the dropless option.^3,4

Discussing cost issues, Dr Pantanelli noted that insert use might generate a per-case profit of up to US$35 for the ASC or surgeon.

“We have to consider cost in this world of decreasing reimbursement, and we also have to consider cost to patients with topical drops,” he said.

Drs Assia, Shorstein, and Pantanelli spoke at the 2024 ASCRS annual meeting in Boston, US.

Ehud I Assia MD is Professor of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. assia@eintal.com

Neal H Shorstein MD is an ophthalmologist, researcher, and associate chief of quality at Kaiser Permanente Medical Center in Walnut Creek, California, US. neal.shorstein@gmail.com

Seth M Pantanelli MD, MS is Professor of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, US. spantanelli@pennstatehealth.psu.edu

1. Shorstein NH, McCabe SE, Alavi M, Kwan ML, Chandra NS. “Triamcinolone Acetonide Subconjunctival Injection as Stand-Alone Inflammation Prophylaxis after Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery,” Ophthalmology, 2024 Apr 4: S0161-6420(24)00206-9. Epub ahead of print.

2. Lu AQ, Rizk M, O’Rourke T, et al. “Safety and Efficacy of Topical vs Intracanalicular Corticosteroids for the Prevention of Postoperative Inflammation after Cataract Surgery,” J Cataract Refract Surg, 2022; 48(11): 1242–1247.

3. Donnenfeld ED, Hovanesian JA, Malik AG, Wong A. “A Randomized, Prospective, Observer-Masked Study Comparing Dropless Treatment Regimen Using Intracanalicular Dexamethasone Insert, Intracameral Ketorolac, and Intracameral Moxifloxacin versus Conventional Topical Therapy to Control Postoperative Pain and Inflammation in Cataract Surgery,” Clin Ophthalmol, 2023; 17: 2349–2356.

4. Gira JP, Sampson R, Silverstein SM, et al. “Evaluating the Patient Experience after Implantation of a 0.4 mg Sustained Release Dexamethasone Intracanalicular Insert (Dextenza™): Results of a Qualitative Survey,” Patient Prefer Adherence, 2017; 11: 487–494.